McDonaldization Essay examples -- essays research papers

McDonaldization About seven months ago, I met an American guy who had arrived at New Zealand just a few days before. While exchanging our sentiments (I am from Japan) on New Zealand and its culture, the guy told me how he was surprised to see the country is so Americanised, mentioning McDonald’s as one of the examples. Now, in a different sense, this was surprising to me, too. I had never had the idea that having McDonald’s is being Americanised. In fact, McDonald’s is nearly everywhere in the world so that many people think it has already become part of their own cultures. But then the question arises: How did this come to be the case? Here is a brief outline of its history (based on Hebert, 1997; McDonald’s Corp., 1997; Mclennan, 1996). History In 1937, McDonald’s was founded as a small local restaurant by two brothers, Maurice and Richard McDonald in Pasadena, California. In 1948, the brothers then converted their barbecue drive-in with car hops into limited-menu, self-service drive-in, in San Bernardino, California - the first advent of quick service restaurant industry. It is in April 1955, however, that the real ‘McDonald’s Corporation’ launched, by a salesman called Ray Kroc, who gained exclusive US franchising rights from the brothers. Starting with Des Plaines, Illinois, McDonald’s rapidly extended its outlets first over the Chicago area, then the US and eventually all over the world, including two largest restaurants in Moscow (1990) and Beijing (1992), both with 700 seats. There are currently over 21,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries (and about 100 in New Zealand), and the 1996 year-end systemwide sales reached 31.812 billion dollars, 59 percent of which came from the outside of the US. McDonaldization The worldwide business of McDonald’s is not just a globalisation of its economy. In his book, ‘The McDonaldization of Society,’ the American sociologist Dr. George Ritzer (1993, cited by Allan, 1997) contends that it also represents the process of rationalisation - â€Å"... the master concept of Max Weber’s analysis of modern capitalism, referring to a variety of related processes by which every aspect of human action became subject to calculation, measurement and control† (Abercrombie, Hill & Turner, 1988, p.902, cited by Allan, 1997). According to Ritzer, McDonaldization can be understood in terms of the following aspects: (1) Eff... ...t Since I am not a sociology-major student, my understanding of McDonaldization may not be accurate, and I certainly do not have a clue on whether such phenomena are good or bad. Still, the point I want to make here is clear: Our societies are increasingly reigned by global standards, which profoundly affect the way we think, process information, and interact with others. (Yes, I know this is a kind of clichà © in psychology.) Without doubt, McDonald’s and its ideas define part of our lives, and across cultures, we definitely share certain commonalities, both materially and psychologically. The only concern that remains, however, is the fact that the standardisation is typically based on the fashion preferred by those who are socially affluent or culturally dominant. In this regard, the same is true for the ‘internet’ system. Surely, this technology is a revolutionary tool that not only removes boundaries from the realms of our social interactions, but also pushes further the potential of human cognitive development. Nonetheless, information found on the net is the product of people who have access to computers, with inevitable reflection of their own personal or social viewpoints.

Book Review: International Conflict Resolution Essay

The first chapter of the book talks about the peace-making and de-escalation strategies. It discusses the theoretical approaches of statism, pluralism and populism in reference to the international conflict. The author of the book convinces the reader that effective conflict resolution should make use of convincing power and positive sanctions. Therefore, he argues that win-win solutions are achievable in international conflict. In the second chapter the relation of US and USSR and cases of Middle East are used to observe the de-escalation efforts. The third chapter takes the example of US-USSR and Arab-Israel de-escalation activities to present some chronologies. Four de-escalation patterns are identified using these chronologies: frequency of initiatives, multiple de-escalation initiatives, and activity level of activity among conflicting countries. In chapter four the author explains the reasons of de-escalation activities and its timings. Factors such as domestic situation, international perspective, and associations between conflicting parties are the presented in this chapter. (Conflict Research Consortium Staff, 2010) Chapter five explains the process of initiating the process of negotiation. The author explores different initiatives and tells which ones are more effective for negotiations. The chapter brings into light the factors resulting in negotiations between conflicting parties. Chapter six explores the negotiation process completely. Kriesberg presents the example of US-USSR and Arab-Israel to analyze different negotiated agreements (Mitchell, 1996). Taking into account these examples, the author creates guidelines for effective negotiations. In chapter seven the author describes the consequences of negotiations. It identifies the effective negotiations leading to long-term de-escalation efforts. Chapter eights draws on the conclusion of peace making efforts. With the help of his findings, he concludes the way in which some countries improve their relations and others still remain conflicted. The last chapter analyzes the impacts of conflicts between nations. The author explains the cost that the countries have to bear and presents policies. In the end, the author comes up with the relationship between peace-making and de-escalation (Conflict Research Consortium Staff, 2010). This book is a comprehensive study of international conflict de-escalation process. With the use of chronologies and tables, the author makes the study more meaningful and easy to understand. It contributes to the study of international relations by presenting a conflict resolution perspective. The book addresses the issue which needs future consideration. Kriesberg’s work lacks theoretical implication but it is practical. International conflict resolution is pioneered in this work and brought it into consideration. The author presents his idea in a persuasive way and explains easily why some inflicts are protracted. The book provides some useful concepts to resolve conflicts and peace-making policies (Simon, 1994). However, book limits itself in providing propositions about the irreversible and complex processes. It raises some important issues like what are the conditions that result in de-escalation initiatives? In what conditions these initiatives leads to negotiations? And finally, how these negotiations results in agreements? The author is successfully able to answer these questions in an effective way (Holsti, 1993). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book The book is a well organized and well-written by the author. It provides sound understanding of the arguments presented by the author. The unique feature of this book is that the author is able to identify the impacts of agreements. He is able to put forward the questions that are critical to international relations and are helpful in peace-making agreements. However, the methodology adopted in evaluating these questions is off-putting but comes up with some effective conclusions and future policies. Moreover, Kriesberg is not able to justify the causes of failed negotiations and some successful initiatives (Holsti, 1993). Hence, the book faces some validity issues. The analysis throughout the book is enriched by historical references and material representing opportunities and constraints, both in international and domestic context. The author emphasizes that good will and the positive attitude of the people is critical to negotiations. It encourages them and motivates them to work in the right direction and reaching some agreements. Therefore, the book is less controversial and is able to present a broader and positive view of the author. Another advantage of this book is that it provides references according to the context that helps in the better understanding of the arguments and provides the author an easy way to justify his reasoning. The historical material enhances the validity of the content presented in the book. The approach adopted by the author is to provide long lasting solutions to the problems, which is a more practical approach. Kriesberg in this book is able to provide approaches that are complete in nature as many authors have been providing approaches that do contribute a lot but are incomplete. Kriesberg has clearly presented the strengths and weaknesses of the concepts and approaches that he has used in the book. However, due to the use of just two major conflicts, the issue of comparison arises. The drawback of the book is that the language used in the book is difficult to understand by the reader, however, the content of the book is highly informative, providing insight into the subject. By dividing the book into number of chapters, the book is presented in a proper flow that makes the understanding much easier.

What Did the Ancient Egyptians Call Egypt

Who knew that Egypt wasnt really called Egypt in its heyday? In fact, it didn’t receive that name until the archaic Greek era. Its All Greek to the Egyptians In The Odyssey, Homer used â€Å"Aegyptus† to refer to the land of Egypt, meaning it was in use by the eighth century B.C. Victorian sources suggested Aegyptus a corruption of Hwt-ka-Ptah (Ha-ka-Ptah), â€Å"home of the soul of Ptah.† That was the Egyptian name for the city of Memphis, where Ptah, the potter-creator god, was chief deity. But there was a fellow named Aegyptus who plays a big role here, too. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus in his Library, a line of mythological Greek kings ruled over northern Africa. That false statement gave his people a right to claim another regions rich history. Epaphus, son of Zeus and Io, the woman-turned-cow, â€Å"married Memphis, daughter of Nile, founded and named the city of Memphis after her, and begat a daughter Libya, after whom the region of Libya was called.† Thus, huge swathes of Africa owed their names and livelihoods to the Greeks, or so they said. Descended from this family was another name-inducing man: Aegyptus, who â€Å"subjugated the country of the Melampodes and named it Egypt.† Whether or not the original text of the Library stated he named it after himself up for debate. In Greek, â€Å"Melampodes† means â€Å"black feet,† perhaps because they walked in the rich dark soil of their land, which the annual Nile inundation/flood brought up from the river floor. But the Greeks were far from the first people to notice the black soil of the Land of the Nile. The Duality Dilemma The Egyptians themselves, of course, adored the fertile black dirt brought up from the depths of the Nile. It coated the land along the river with minerals amidst the soil, which allowed them to grow crops.  The people of Egypt called their country â€Å"the Two Lands,† which signifies the way they viewed their home—as a duality. Monarchs frequently used the phrase â€Å"Two Lands† when discussing the realms over which they ruled, especially to stress their roles as unifiers of a large territory. What were these two divisions? It depends on whom you ask. Perhaps the two Egypts were Upper (Southern) and Lower (Northern) Egypt, the way the Egyptians perceived their land to be divided. In fact, pharaohs wore the Double Crown, which symbolically represented the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by combining crowns from both regions into one big one. Or maybe the twosome referred to the two banks of the River Nile. Egypt was even sometimes known as the Two Banks. The West Bank of the Nile was considered the land of the dead, home to necropolises galore—the life-giving Sun, after all, does set in the west, where Re symbolically â€Å"dies† each evening, only to be reborn in the east the following morning. In contrast to the silence and death of the West Bank, life was personified on the East Bank, where cities were built. Perhaps it is related to the aforementioned Black Land (Kemet), the trip of arable land along the Nile, and the barren deserts of the Red Land. This last option makes a lot of sense, considering that the Egyptians often referred to themselves as â€Å"the people of the Black Land.† â€Å"Kemet† first made its appearance around the Eleventh Dynasty, around the same time as another term, â€Å"The Beloved Land† (ta-mery) did. Perhaps, as scholar Ogden Goelet suggests, these monikers came out of a need to emphasize national unity after the chaos of the First Intermediate Period. To be fair, though, those words often appear in Middle Kingdom literary texts, many of which were probably edited centuries after the fact, so one cannot be sure how often these terms were used during the period of the Middle Kingdom itself. By the end of the Middle Kingdom, though, Kemet seems to have become the official name of Egypt, since pharaohs begin to use it in their titulary. Invaders Epithets In the mid-first millennium B.C., Egypt, often torn apart by internal strife, suffered centuries worth of conquests; this came after the already troublesome invasions of its Libyan neighbors. Each time it was conquered, it received a new name, part of its invaders psychology of subjugation. In this so-called Late Period, the Egyptians fell subject to various peoples. First among these were the Assyrians, who conquered Egypt in 671 B.C. We dont have records indicating if the Assyrians renamed Egypt, but its worth noting that, sixty years later, the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II was honored when the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal gave the formers son, Psammetichus, an Assyrian name and rulership over an Egyptian city. The Persians took power in Egypt after Cambyses II defeated the people of Kemet at the Battle of Pelusium in 525 B.C. The Persians turned Egypt into several provinces of their empire, also known as satrapies, that they called Mudraya. Some scholars have suggested Mudraya was the Persian version of the Akkadian Misir or Musur, a.k.a. Egypt. Interestingly, the Hebrew word for Egypt in the Bible was Mitzrayim, and Misr is now the Arabic word for Egypt. And then the Greeks came...and the rest was history!

Texas Textbook Controversy - 5455 Words

------------------------------------------------- Texas textbook controversy- Analysis Kim Stevenson Eastern New Mexico University CI 531 1WW March 3, 2013- Abstract: Ever since the 1960s, the Texas textbook controversy has had an issue in America. The Texas school board is meeting to make revisions to their textbooks and curriculum. But are they also revising history? Educators across the country are watching to see the effect this issue will have on students. The choices the board members are making will affect politics, religion, monies spent thru-out the Texas school system. Christian conservatives on the state education board want curriculum changes. Parents and student would like the curriculum to remain the same, or not†¦show more content†¦All of which—plus a natural supply of political eccentrics—helps explain how Texas once had a board member who believed that public schools are the tool of the devil. Texas originally acquired its power over the nation’s textbook supply because it paid 100 percent of the cost of all public school textbooks, as long as the books in question came from a very short list of board-approved options. The selection process â€Å"was grueling and tension-filled,† said Julie McGee, who worked at high levels in several publishing houses before her retirement. â€Å"If you didn’t get listed by the state, you got nothing.† On the other side of the coin, David Anderson, who once sold textbooks in the state, said that if a book made the list, even a fairly mediocre salesperson could count on doing pretty well. The books on the Texas list were likely to be mass-produced by the publisher in anticipation of those sales, so other states liked to buy them and take advantage of the economies of scale. â€Å"What happens in Texas doesn’t stay in Texas when it comes to textbooks,† said Dan Quinn, who worked as an editor of social studies textbooks before joining the Texas Freedom Network, which was founded by Governor Ann Richards’s daughter, Cecile, to counter the religious right. The cost for the Texas textbooks? As a market, the state was so big and influential that national publishers tended to gear their books toward whatever it wanted. Back inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Origins of Life: Evolution vs Intelligent Design1634 Words   |  7 PagesAustin, Texas, every decade fifteen people influence what is taught to the next generation of American children. 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Resistance Training And Its Effect On Resting Metabolic Rate

The incidence of obesity has increased over the past several decades. In the United States, 68% of adults are either overweight or obese, and 33% of the population is obese (Miller et al., 2012). Obesity is associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, type I and II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. The incidence of obesity and its comorbidities can be prevented and modified with the identification of certain risk factors such as low levels of physical activity and decreased energy expenditure that predispose an individual to obesity. The following research addresses resting metabolic rate (RMR), its effects on caloric balance, and the effects of physical activity. This review of†¦show more content†¦The thermic effect of food is the energy expenditure associated with food digestion and absorption, accounting for 10% of total energy expenditure. Activity thermogenesis is the energy expenditure during activity and contributes to 15-30% of total energy expenditure (Levine, 2005). The component of total energy expenditure that an individual can alter the most is activity thermogenesis by increasing ones physical activity levels, allowing for a greater total of large muscle movements (Akbulut Rakicioglu, 2011). For activity to occur, the body must supply the muscles with adenosine triphosphate, ATP, which is a form of energy that allows processes such as muscle contraction to occur. Calorie expenditure is needed to produce ATP. Energy expenditure during exercise is increased by lengthening the duration and increasing the intensity of exercise (Levine, 2005). The third component of total energy expenditure is BMR. BMR is an individual†™s energy expenditure at complete rest and typically is measured directly after an individual wakes up in the morning. BMR accounts for approximately 60%-75% of total energy expenditure (Visser, Duerenberg, Staveren, Hautvast, 1995). Resting and basal metabolic rate are similar and often are used interchangeably. BMR requires the subject to spend the night in a hospital or laboratory. It is measured first thing in

Carbon footprint Free Essays

Simply operating a business solely on the objective of earning a profit can potentially come back to bite you in the end. There are true cost and risk associated with the way we do business. Some companies operate with the mindset they can do whatever they want right now. We will write a custom essay sample on Carbon footprint or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I’ll be gone† or â€Å"You’ll be gone† when the bill comes due (Friedman, 2009). In respect to our future generation that effect Is going to be global climate change. We will begin to see increased health risks, decline in fresh water, rising sea levels, displaced people. Companies will see effects related to agriculture, tourism, and Insurance related costs. The potential outcome of global climate change can be compared to the collapse of GIG. Alga failed because they discounted to zero the very small, remote risk of simultaneous defaults in their investment or insurance portfolios (Friedman, 2009). The risk in fact was probably less than one percent, perhaps a great deal less – but it happened nonetheless (Friedman, 2009). In this case Alga had the benefit of being bailed out by the government. Our planet is not so lucky and will have to be offset by he way this generation and future generations conduct business. One way In which a business can strive to become more green is by setting a goal to become carbon neutral by a specified date. This could be added to their Nilsson statement and be clearly defined, measurable, and executable (Adulators, 2011). Evaluation of their strategic planning process is also necessary. In a rapidly changing environment the steps of the planning process can be going on simultaneously. For example the cost and risk of developing a new product have to be evaluated ecologically, competitively, economically, socially, politically, and legally. A company in the pursuit of more sustainable products can help benefit the environment and the companies bottom-line. McDonald’s in an attempt to address waste management switched to a new wrapper that was less bulky, cheaper, required less energy to produce, and discharged less pollution (Adulators, 2011). This strategy helped reduce waste and pollution while simultaneously lowering McDonald’s production costs (Adulators, 2011). Some companies are already operating in a lean state, but are still leaving a carbon ND employee car-pooling can be promoted throughout the organization. Also companies can reduce their footprint by purchasing carbon offsets. These can be geared toward reforestation, methane digester, or wind farms for example. The fact of the matter is that a change needs to begin now. The consequences of taking no action are fare too great. We can take a page out of Denmark book. They made it a priority in 1985 to focus on energy efficiencies and renewable energy. Sixteen percent of their total energy consumption comes from wind and solar, this reared a whole new export industry (Friedman, 2009). Today Denmark does not rely at all on energy from the Middle East. A world off sustainable environment is a world of freedom. If climate change and environmental degradation ever get the better of our planet we will have to ration where we live, how we live, and how much we can use (Friedman, 2009). Now is the time to start reducing our carbon footprint. Astronomical Adulators, R (2011). Green Marketing Management. Mason: South-Western Coinage Learning. Friedman, T, L (2009). Hot, Flat, and Crowded. New York: Picador How to cite Carbon footprint, Papers

Four Approaches to Csr free essay sample

Some said that it is perfectly legal while some say that they declared bankruptcy to avoid financial obligations to suppliers, labour unions or competitors. There are four approaches to social responsibility. Draw the spectrum of approaches to CSR Social responsibility is demonstrated by the organizations determination to treat customers, employees, and investors fairly and honestly. An organizations social responsibility is ranked from the lowest stance to the highest stance. The lowest stance an organization can utilize is the obstructionist stance.Moving up a level is the defensive stance followed by the accommodative stance which leads to the highest level, the proactive stance. Firstly, the lowest level of social responsibility is the Obstructionist Stance. In this level, a company does as little as possible to deny or cover up violations. For example, employees breathing in fumes of a chemical spill which is hazardous which led to their deaths. Doctors arrived on the scene to determine the cause of death only to discover that the organization would not reveal what ingredients were utilized in the chemical. The characteristics of this situation led to the believe that the organization took an obstructionist stance towards the employees, environment and the social welfare of the community. The characteristic of an obstructionist stance is the organization doing very little to eliminate the problem. The second scenario explains a situation in which a car manufacturer refuses to initiate a recall on a defective component. The car manufacturer took an obstructive stance since they did not want to admit they were at fault.For this stance, it fits into the criteria of being Economic Responsibility. The business responsibility is to produce the goods and services that the society wants and to maximize profits for its owners and shareholders. In this current society, companies with this stance won’t be able to be gain much success as they are not doing enough for the society. Second level would be the Defensive Stance. In this level, a company does everything required of it legally but no more. Continuing from the case where the car manufacturer refuses to recall back the defective component.After the government and legal authorities interfere in that situation and ordered the car manufacturer to take responsibility, they finally take actions and recall back the defective component. This shows that they took defensive stance. A defensive stance has characteristics in which the organization will adhere to the minimum of what the law requires of them. Another example explains a situation in which an oil tanker spilt a lot of oil on the coastline. They refused to accept responsibility at first which means they took an obstructionist stance. Later on after several court hearings they began to pay for the damages.They took a defensive stance in that they performed the minimum of what was required by law. Another example would be Nike which does produce their wares legally, however, focus towards profit-maximization, and moved their production line to China. The salary earned by the Chinese factory workers employed by Nike do not justify the living conditions and amount of effort put into operating the factory. This stance can be linked to the criteria for being Legal Responsibility. That is, business are expected to fulfill their economic goals within the framework of legal requirements imposed by the governments and authorities. The third level is the Accommodative Stance. In this level, a company meets its legal and ethical requirements and also goes further in certain cases. An example would be a scenario which explains a situation in which the customers of a restaurant are killed and injured by a madman who decided to shoot up the place on day when they were eating lunch. The CEO discovered the situation and took action immediately to resolve the situation. The CEO took an accommodative stance in that they offered to meet the legal requirements as well as ethical requirements. This stance is related to the Ethical Responsibility criteria of CSR performance.It includes behaviours that are not necessarily codified into law and may not serve the corporation’s direct economic interests. To be ethical, organization decision makers should act with equity, fairness and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals. Unethical behavior occurs when decisions enable an individual or company to gain at the expense of others. Eg. Student loan case. Advisor get tips from the money lender. The last and highest level would be the Proactive Stance. In this level, a company actively seeks to contribute to the well-being of groups and individuals in its social environment. Starbucks for example.They are willing to help improve the living conditions of the coffee bean farmers by paying a fair price to certified fair trade suppliers. This will ensure that the coffee bean farmers will not be bullied on the pricing by the suppliers and at the same time motivating the farmers to produce high quality coffee beans. When an organization takes a proactive stance they are meeting the requirements of the law as well as taking that extra step to actively contribute positive changes for the community. There is one company that really stands out among the others when I think of an organization that takes a proactive stance on a daily basis.An example would be the Ronald McDonald Charity Home. It’s special that there was a correlation between the fast food chain and the place where families lived while their children received medical treatment. Ronald McDonald Charity home provides a home away from the hospital for sick children for free. They have one in Hospital UKM. Lastly, this stance is closely related to discretionary responsibility. It is purely voluntary and is guided by a company’s desire to make social contributions not mandated by law, economics, or ethics.It includes generous philantrophic contributions that offer no payback to the company and are not expected. Taking the proactive stance and fitting into the discretionary responsibility is the highest criterion of social responsibility as it goes beyond social expectation to contribute to the community’s welfare. Constructive and honest evaluations. Give and take theory. What companies can do to be more involved with CSR. Benefits of CSR (customers, job applicants, sales growth, profits, stock price, company efficiency). Link it to pre, conv, and post conv of moral development of the management team.